Recent Advances in Structured Illumination Microscopy: From Fundamental Principles to AI-Enhanced Imaging

Abstract

Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) has emerged as a pivotalsuper-resolution technique in biological imaging. This review aims tointroduce the fundamental principles of SIM, primarily focuses on the latestdevelopments in super-resolution SIM imaging, such as the light illuminationand modulation devices, and the image reconstruction algorithms.Additionally, the application of deep learning (DL) technology in SIM imagingis explored, which is employed to enhance image quality, accelerate imagingand reconstruction speed or replace the current image reconstructionmethod. Furthermore, the key evaluation metrics are proposed and discussedfor assessment of deep-learning neural networks, especially for theiremployment in SIM. Finally, the future integration of artificial intelligence (AI)with SIM system and the perspective of smart microscope are also discussed