A comparative study of the innovation ecosystem models of Belarus and China

Abstract

This article presents a comparative analysis of the national innovation ecosystems of Belarus and China to identify their divergent developmental models from 2015–2023. The methodology is based on a quantitative comparison of international rankings (Global Innovation Index), national statistics on innovation inputs (R&D expenditure, human capital), outputs (patents, high-tech exports), and industrial structure. The findings reveal two fundamentally different paradigms. China demonstrates a holistic, state-market model characterized by massive, business-driven R&D investment and accelerated human capital growth, resulting in a highly effective, expansionary ecosystem. Conversely, Belarus exhibits a distinct dual-vector model wherein a globally competitive IT sector operates alongside a traditional industrial complex. This structural dichotomy highlights the need for deeper intersectoral integration and enhanced resource allocation to sustain global competitiveness.