https://elib.bsu.by:443/handle/123456789/29652 2026-04-20T13:22:06Z https://elib.bsu.by:443/handle/123456789/29980 Заглавие документа: Включённость женщин в систему управления малым предпринимательством в странах с переходной экономикой Авторы: Шукайло, Людмила Петровна Аннотация: Women are the owners of nearly 25 % of n ew enterprises in the countries with transitional economy. As a result, there appeared a n ew non-standard approach towards running business. Though businesswomen have much in common with businessmen, they also have a different view of the economic situation and they run their business using non-traditional approaches and methods. The world witnesses the trend towards the growth of small businesses with few employees and not very high profits, headed by women, since they are interested mostly in the stability and legitimacy of the income against its volume. The very fact of women's participation in business increases their chances to influence the authorities with the aim to provide many more decisions in economic and social spheres with regard to their interests. However, some problems arise when businesswomen create good ideas which could b e realized in practice, but they lack experience, professional training, capital and influential connections in other organizations. Therefore, governments and international organizations in the countries with transitional economies try to assist women entrepreneurs, involving the experience of industrially advanced countries. The basis for these activities is laid b y a range of recommendations offered by the U N Commission on the Status of Women. The given recommendations fully correspond to the situation in the sphere of women's entrepreneurship in the countries with transitional economy. Some of them have already found their practical use, others require additional conditions. Women's participation in the economic life of the society at the decision-making level should become a rule in the countries that choose the way of democratic development. Доп. сведения: Раздел - "Международные экономические отношения" 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z https://elib.bsu.by:443/handle/123456789/29979 Заглавие документа: Проблема динамики реального валютного курса на пути перехода к рынку Авторы: Кирвель, Ольга Чеславовна Аннотация: The article is devoted to the study of the changes in the real exchange rate (RER) during the reformation of economic systems. The author substantiates the claim that the RER category emerged as a result of extending the purchasing power parity theory (PPPT) and received wide acceptance in modern western theories of the exchange rate. The author states that only the PPPT and consequently, the RER may serve as an estimation of competitiveness of the country only if the adjustment correction to the productivity margin is made. The article studies the phenomenon of the RER increase during the transition from an administrative system to market relations on the example of such countries of Eastern Europe as the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia within the period from 1989 to 1996. The economic literature lacks definite explanation and evaluation of such changes ofthe RER during the first stage of transformation. From the PPPT point of view, the RER increase, for example, by 10 % and 20 % per year can be treated as a threat to the economy competitiveness. On the contrary, the alternative approach states that the real increase of the exchange rate after the initial overproportional devaluation corresponds to the equilibrium dynamics at the first stage of transformation. There have been efforts undertaken to give theoretical grounds to this non-traditional hypothesis. Despite the absence of the exchange rate theory in the transition period, the author makes a conclusion that in this case the main reason of equilibrium increase lies in the increase of economy effectiveness owing to the market price control and distribution of resources. The article studies the process ofthe existing RER dynamics in the countries of Eastern Europe and points out the reasons for rapid initial devaluation and the gradual RER increase during the next years. The empirical check of the equilibrium RER increase proves its applicability only in the countries that have already realized the full complex of economic reforms. On the basis of the given approach the author outlines important recommendations for the economic policy in the countries with economies in transition. The comparison the of sources of the RER dynamics in the countries of Eastern Europe and the Republic of Belarus is an indicator of fundamental differences ofthe given transition economies both in the degree of realization of the full complex of reforms and in the adaptation of the real sector of economy to the market conditions. Доп. сведения: Раздел - "Международные отношения" 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z https://elib.bsu.by:443/handle/123456789/29978 Заглавие документа: Эффект корпорации во внешнеэкономической политике Беларуси Авторы: Коновалов, Владислав Михайлович Аннотация: The article analyses the reasons and trends of decline in Belarusian foreign economic policy efficiency in 1999 and in the beginning of 2000. The most important factor determining the specific nature of the country's economic policy is the leading role of the state in the system of means of production ownership and actual monopolistic realization of foreign economic policy by the state. Thus, Belarus acts as a single corporation towards other subjects of the world market. Such role of the state in the international economic activities benefits national economy during the short-term period only and leads to negative consequences in the long run: the corporation effect takes place. The short-term positive corporation effect was expressed in overcoming the production slump and in the Belarus GDP growth in 1996—1998. This effect was not used for restructuring and real reforms in national economy. 1999 saw the emerging long-term negative corporation effect that led to export/import reduction, living standards decline and the unprofitability of many enterprises. An important means of raising the international economic policy efficiency is liberalisation of international economic activities and limiting the state interference into economy. However, the main factors of the solution of this problem lie within Belarusian domestic economy and include: the establishment of conditions for perfect competition at the domestic market, introduction of an effective state programme of small entrepreneurship development, including the agricultural sphere, national economy restructuring on the basis of share privatization of state property, activization of domestic capital and attraction of foreign investments, etc. In case no crucial changes in the economic policy occur, the efficiency of international activities on the whole will continue to decline. Доп. сведения: Раздел - "Международные отношения" 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z https://elib.bsu.by:443/handle/123456789/29977 Заглавие документа: Основные проблемы таможенной политики Республики Беларусь Авторы: Давыденко, Елена Леонидовна Аннотация: The article studies the evolution of basic legislative acts regulating the foreign economic policy of the Republic of Belarus. It notes that the rates of customs duties were increased on average by 5—10 % after the adoption of n ew laws. The introduction of the rates of customs duties identical to the Russian ones does not always represent the economic interests of the Republic of Belarus. Some of t h em are extremely high, others are too low which does not always positively affect Belarusian producers. Besides, one of the immediate tasks of the Belarusian foreign policy lies in joining the WTO, thus requiring the customs duties reduction and the and removing of non-tariff barriers to international trade. Joining the WTO will provide legal protection of the country's economic interests and give access to the mechanism of settlement of the disputes within the WTO framework since the corresponding body of this organization (Dispute Settlement Body) traditionally takes into consideration the conformity of the country's actions to the WTO norms and principles, not focusing on the political and economic status of the country. In its turn, Belarus should make certain concessions and take on responsibilities for admitting foreign goods and services to the Belarusian market. They will be "packaged" and introduced into the list to become an integral part of the WTO agreement. The opening of the domestic market will trigger the competition rise connected with the activities of foreign producers. On the other side, this competition will be an additional incentive for the quality improvement of Belarusian goods, the staff retraining etc., thus facilitating the process of transition to market relations. What regards the reduction of import customs duties, one can distinguish between three groups of commodities and, consequently, three approaches. The most vulnerable to opening the borders is the group in the agricultural sphere, light and chemical industries. Owing to this fact, the rates of customs duties for the goods produced by these industries should be slightly increased. The second group consists of the commodities not produced in Belarus (raw materials, materials, semi-manufactured articles) that should have zero rates: coffee, sunflower-seeds, feeding stuffs, r aw tobacco, a number of chemical materials and medicines. The third group consists of the commodities that require no protection, however, they are taxed rather heavily in comparison with the EU rate. These rates should become a matter of negotiation. No less important for the country is joining the General Agreement on the Service Trade (GATS) and the WTO agreement on the aspects of rights for intellectual property related to trade (TRIPs). Joining the GATS is important and relevant because the service industries have become the most dynamic sector of foreign economic activities, with a stable positive balance. Доп. сведения: Раздел - "Международные отношения" 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z