https://elib.bsu.by:443/handle/123456789/269624 2026-04-20T10:13:37Z https://elib.bsu.by:443/handle/123456789/320061 Заглавие документа: Journal of the Belarusian State University. International Relations. – 2021. – No. 1 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z https://elib.bsu.by:443/handle/123456789/269686 Заглавие документа: The (il)legality of unilateral sanctions in light of the inadequacy of humanitarian exemptions Авторы: Strauss, M. J. Аннотация: This article argues that unilateral economic sanctions are unlawful because their design and implementation inherently result in violations of human rights that all states are obliged to respect, protect and fulfil under international law. In explaining this, it details the structural reasons why humanitarian exemptions are incapable of fully eliminating the problem. The article then considers the legality of imposing sanctions in the knowledge that human rights will be violated; whether such a violation must be intentional to constitute a breach of international law; and whether the principle of proportionality is relevant to a determination of the legality of the sanctions. In concluding that unilateral sanctions constitute an element of state conduct that has become increasingly widespread and frequent despite the damage they cause to human rights, the article presents three possible scenarios from which their legality might emerge: their entry into customary international law, which would imply an erosion of the obligations of states to respect and protect human rights; the development of a dedicated area of international law that encompasses sanctions to ensure that human rights are respected and protected when they are used; and the prospect for sanctions themselves to be reconceptualised and structured in a way that makes them benign with respect to human rights. 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z https://elib.bsu.by:443/handle/123456789/269685 Заглавие документа: The phenomenon of agencification in the administration of the European Union Авторы: Kühn, W. M. Аннотация: The article offers an analysis of the process known as agencification that has led the EU to rely on numerous agencies in order to fulfill its administrative tasks. The focus lies on the status of these agencies within the EU legal system, the way in which they are established, their internal organization and financing, the decision-making procedures, as well as their ope ration. Furthermore, a classification of the agencies is carried out by using specific categories. It also explains the challenges that agencies face in their daily activities. It explains their relationship with the EU institutions, especially with regard to the democratic control and the control of legality that the latter exercise. 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z https://elib.bsu.by:443/handle/123456789/269684 Заглавие документа: Europe: an attractive region for Chinese investment Авторы: Zreik, M. Аннотация: China’s reform and opening-up policy has led to its economic integration with the community of international partners. China has tended to invest in developing countries rich in natural resources through infrastructure projects and others in exchange for access to natural resources and new markets. This development policy has proven successful due to the large Chinese economic expansion towards many regions and the establishment of economic partnerships. After China’s accession to the World Trade Organization, it opened more to developed countries, especially Europe. China aimed to reach a large and developed international market and to cooperate with the Europeans in order to develop the telecommunications and industry sectors and take advantage of modern European technologies. The strategic importance of this partnership increases with the launch of the Belt and road initiative, as Europe has a geostrategic position along the initiative. This paper discusses the issue of Chinese direct foreign investment toward Europe, analyzes the Sino-European economic cooperation, and points out the motives of both parties to move forward with this partnership. 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z